The Female Swimmers Triad: Literature Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70736/2958.8332.kosalb.59Keywords:
Menstrual Dysfunction, Power, Body Composition, SwimmingAbstract
Study aim(s): This study aims to clarify the Female Athlete Triad (FAT), which is a medical condition defined by the interrelationship of three health concerns: low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and decreased bone mineral density. Critically examine and synthesize literature on the Female Athlete Triad in swimmers, focusing on interactions among its three components and their short- and long-term health effects.
Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the academic databases PubMed Web of Science, and Scopus to identify peer-reviewed studies published in English. Included studies addressed one or more components of the Female Athlete Triad in competitive or recreational female swimmers and encompassed clinical, physiological, or epidemiological research. The review process followed the PRISMA guidelines to ensure transparent and systematic reporting.
Results: The findings reveal a significant gap in integrated research addressing all three components of the Triad simultaneously in swimmers. Most studies approach low energy availability, menstrual irregularities, and bone health as separate issues. However, the evidence suggests a strong interconnection between these factors, with female swimmers particularly vulnerable due to prolonged training demands and a lean body ideal. Consequences include delayed menarche, amenorrhea, stress fractures, and long-term hormonal and skeletal health risks.
Conclusions: There is a clear need for increased awareness, early detection, and interdisciplinary strategies to prevent and manage the Female Athlete Triad in swimming. Education for athletes, coaches, and healthcare professionals is essential to safeguard both the health and athletic performance of female swimmers.
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